Topic: Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances. Author: Taqwa Haweeleh. Editor: Yazan S. Al-Zamer Keywords: hypoglycemia, brain damage, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, diabetes, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, HHS, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic encephalopathy.   Hypoglycemia Insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is regulated depending on the body’s glucose levels, insulin acts as a glucose sensor, the corollary being that insulin secretion is regulated to prevent hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Diabetic patients treated with insulin therapy are the most susceptible group of patients to hypoglycemia, whether it is type 1 or type 2, where type 1 occurs due to loss of the insulin-secreting β cells […]

Article Title: Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction. Author: Taqwa Haweeleh. Editor: Yazan Zamer Keywords: autoimmunity, diseases of NMJ, neuromuscular junction, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton, congenital myasthenic syndromes, neurotoxin-producing bacteria, botulism, tetanus. Myasthenia gravis Introduction Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction – Myasthenia gravis is a relatively uncommon autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction that causes skeletal muscle weakness. Myasthenia gravis has been described as a fluctuating disease that is worsened with exertion and improved by rest, the autoimmune attacks mostly target the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of skeletal muscles thus affecting cholinergic transmission. However, in some cases, the autoimmune attacks target non-AChR components […]